Economic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure

1. Introduction 1a. Article Summary In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles. While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of a duopoly. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles engage in predatory pricing in an attempt to eliminate independent retailers from the market. This article discusses recent efforts made by the Australian government and the Australian Competition†¦show more content†¦Woolworths and Coles would have agreements with farmers to supply exclusively to them, in exchange for the firm purchasing all of their quality produce. Woolworths and Coles are also more likely to be able to purchase products, including fruit and vegetabl es, for a cheaper price than small, independent sellers, as they are purchasing in bulk. According to McKenzie (2002) No major supplier, no matter how big or powerful they are, can afford to be offside, or out of favour, with Coles or Woolworths. Economies of scale give Woolworths and Coles an advantage over smaller retailers because, as a result of their large scale production, they are able to produce at a lower average cost, allowing them to sell goods to consumers at a lower price. This competitive pricing eventually forces smaller firms out of the market, as they are unable to match the predatory pricing, due to a lack of economies of scale. Because Woolworths and Coles generally have homogenous products, they rely on a heavy use of advertising, in order to avoid competitive pricing with each other. Oligopolies tend to avoid competitive pricing at all costs, as the worst case scenario of this is a price war, which generally cannot be escaped, resulting in one survivor, who goes on to become the monopolist. It is evident that Woolworths and Coles are mutually interdependent, whereby each of the firms pricing strategies relate to, and depend on, eachShow MoreRelatedA Monopoly Is A Single Seller951 Words   |  4 Pageswhen a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity (this contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity s control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly which consists of a few entities dominating an industry).[2] Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the existence of a high monopoly price well above the firm s marginal cost thatRead MoreQuestions On Asian Grocery Stores1484 Words   |  6 PagesJohnny Zhuang Glenlyon Norfolk School International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Ms. Andrea Robertson 09/26/2014 To what extend does Asian grocery stores operate in an oligopolistic market in the region of Chinatown of Victoria? Abstract: The Chinatown in Victoria is the oldest one in Canada and second in age to San Francisco’s in North America. As one of the national historical sites of Canada, Victoria’s Chinatown remains an active region for Victoria residentsRead MoreOligopoly: Monopoly and Firms1535 Words   |  7 Pagesexpertsmind.com/course-help/?p=oligopoly-emergence-causes-98734287402 Oligopoly Meaning:- Oligopoly  is a common economic system in today’s society. The word â€Å"oligopoly† comes from the Greek â€Å"oligos† meaning little or small† and â€Å"polein† meaning â€Å"to sell.† When â€Å"oligos† is used in the plural, it means â€Å"few.† Oligopoly is a market structure in which there are a few sellers and they sell almost identical products. A situation in which a particular market is controlled by a smallRead MorePestle Analysis Of Mcdonalds1628 Words   |  7 PagesPESTLE analysis PESTLE is the analysis of the factors that could affect a business on a macro level. McDonalds franchise strategizes issues identified in this PESTLE analysis. The PESTLE analysis model determines the different external factors that offers opportunities or threats to the business based on its macro-environment. In the global fast food restaurant market, McDonalds is focused on economic and sociocultural factors. Nonetheless, the company’s success is indicative of its effective strategiesRead MoreStackelberg Model1599 Words   |  7 PagesI- Introduction: An oligopoly refers to the economic situation where there are several firms in the industry making a product whose price depends on the quantity (Examples can include large firms in computer, chemicals, automobile†¦) Cournot was the first economist to explore and explain the oligopolistic competition between the two firms in an oligopolu (Cournot and Fisher in 1897). He underlined the idea of duopoly problem and the non-cooperative behavior of the firms. In 1934, Heinrich FRead MoreCompetition : Perfect Competition Is An Economic Concept Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagescompetition is an economic concept, there are lots of seller’s sells homogeneous products in the market and there are many buyers. There are no barriers to enter into the market. Furthermore both the buyers and sellers have good information regarding price so that sellers can offer a competitive price to the buyers and also buyers can compare the price to have the best choice. Monopolistic competition: Monopolistic competition is market structure in which firms have lots of competitors in the market but everyoneRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating Between Market Structures ECO/365 Principles of Microeconomics August 30, 2012 Differentiating Between Market Structures Retail sales are indicators of microeconomic conditions presented in a given area at a particular place in time. Since Sam Walton opened his first Wal-Mart store, Wal-Mart has been making ripples throughout the micro economies of America. Wal-Mart’s market structure is typical of most of our nation’s largest corporations in that they are an oligopoly (Brown, 2010)Read MoreSimilarities Between The Fur Trade Economy And A Modern Oligopoly1537 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the similarities and differences between the Fur Trade economy and a modern oligopoly. The North American fur trade started in the 1500’s as the result of early, sporadic contact and trade between aboriginal societies and European fishing crews located off the banks of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence region. Animal pelts, which were harvested by the natives, were exchanged for European goods such as weapons, tools and textiles. The beaver, whose inner coat was used to make the fashionableRead MoreMonopolies, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition, And Perfect Competition1085 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding the different types f structures it is important to know the different types of markets that there are. Understanding barriers, buyers and sellers with knowing the market share and competition is important to understand what barriers are occurring in the market. The different market structures are Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic Competition, and Perfect Competition. Understanding these different type of market structures helps to better understand what type of market is currently occurring.Read MoreMarket Structures and Competitive Strategies1193 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Structures and Competitive Strategies ECO/365 Market Structures and Competitive Strategies Introduction There are many other soft drink makers but Coca Cola has been renowned to be one of the world’s top best soft drink makers and is among the best brands ever for a lot of years. It has the gain of a marketplace leader spot in drinks dealing with Pepsi in the subsequent spot. Coca cola functions in an oligopoly marketplace foundation where there are just scarcely any market players

Video Games And Teen Violence - 1797 Words

Alejandra Garcia Professor Morris English 009 October 28 2017 Violent Video Games and Teen Violence Video Game Violence has been a big controversial topic for many years, going back to the most simple classic video games like Ms. Pac-Man, Centipede and Space Invaders,which eventually turned into more modern games like Destiny and Grand theft Auto. This research expands and analyzes the idea of how video game violence is always accused and put to blame for aggressive events and how the research of this is faulty . The way most people look at video games and how people try to connect them to violence could needs to be corrected. Within this research we will be looking very closely at how these studies and tests were done on violent video†¦show more content†¦For example violent video games allow players to unleash any type of anger they have onto the game instead of acting out aggressively in the real world. A peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health found that teenagers, especially boys, play video games as a way to control themselves when it come s to their emotions. 61.9% of the boys who were studied said they played to help them relax, 47.8% because it helped them forget their problems, and 45.4%p played because it helped them get their anger out. Teenagers can use these games to experience fantasies of power and fame, to explore what they accept as exciting and realistic environments to work through angry feelings or relieve stress. The games can serve as a substitute for actually rough and aggressive play. Also many studies fail to look for other factors that can contribute to why teenagers are aggressive, such as family history and mental health, plus most studies do not follow children over long periods of time. Video game experiments usually just have people playing a game for a few minutes, which is not how games are played in real life. Most teens end up playing their games for hours. What is not addressed in most studies that are against video game violence is the majority of well-adjusted teenagers who are also playing those same games, and are showing no signs of any kind of aggressiveShow MoreRelatedVideo Games Encourage Teen Violence Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesVideo Games Encourage Teen Violence A sniper perched high in a eagles nest zooms in through his scope to the head of his enemy, pulls the trigger, the enemy falls to the ground headless. This is a image that is common in the world of war, and now in the world of video games. Teens all over the world have become completely addicted to first person fighting games. With technology as great as it is today game makers are able to designed games that are so real it is truly scary. Millions of teensRead MoreEffect of Video Game Violence on Children and Teens Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesViolent video games can lead to aggressive and violent behavior in children and adolescents. â€Å"Violent media increase aggression by teaching observers how to aggress, by priming aggressive cognition (including previously learned aggressive scripts and aggressive perceptual schemata), by increasing arousal, or by creating an aggressive state† (Anderson and Bushman 355). As more children are becoming exposed violence in video games in the recent years, violence in schools and other locations where childrenRead More Video Games do Not Increase Teen Violence Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesis video games. Is this form of entertainment really a factor in teen violence? I think not. Video games are not to blame for increased teen violence. According to the article, Video Games and Children, by Bernard Cesarone, ever since the 1970?s, parents have been placing their children in front of televisions and allowed them to waste away the hours playing video games (31). As technology and a national surge in violent entertainment grows, so does the onset of violent video games. Read MoreViolent Video Games are a Key Contributor to Teen Violence in America1186 Words   |  5 PagesViolence or aggression refers â€Å"to any behaviour that demonstrates a malicious intent to harm one another†. Numerous people are being killed and murdered because of the continuous violence happening all over the world, particularly in the United States. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), violence, in general, is among the leading causes of death, and that each year; over 1.6 million people worldwide lose their lives due to it. WHO states that about 8.2% of the world’s population areRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Promote Teen Aggression and Violence? 670 Words   |  3 Pagesteenagers playing video games and how it affects the youth mentally. Heavy consumption of violence video games does indeed stimulate a change reaction in the brain waves, but there is no hard evidence stating that those changes causes teenagers to act aggressively and viole ntly. On the contrary, it is a popular beliefs that violence video games does indeed causes teenagers to displayed unpleasant behaviors and actions because that is what they learned and observed from the games. Therefore, parentsRead MoreCensoring of Violent Video Games1152 Words   |  5 PagesThere has always been controversy as to whether violent video games should be censored. Video games should be censored for the good of society. Video games do harm to teens and society due to making teens accumulate frustrations,makes teens think violence is acceptable in problem solving, and makes them very unhealthy but it also does some good, such as helps teens control their emotions, makes them conscious of what is good from what is bad, and helps them get rid of stress. This controversy mayRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violence : Cause Of Violence And Video Games1377 Words   |  6 PagesLit. 27 November 2017 The Blame Game Statistically, 2017 has become the year with second lowest crimes rates since 1990, assuming there isn’t a big resurgence in violent crime between now and the end of the year (Bump). However, violent crimes continue to be a problem in modern-day America. Many have sought out to find out the root of these crimes and what causes them, and as a result, many different things have been cited as a cause for violence. Violent video games are said to be a possible sourceRead MoreVideo Games Effect On Today s Adolescents839 Words   |  4 PagesAre video games having a negative effect on today’s adolescents? For most teens, video games can be a fun way to escape reality. How do video games impact us? Are video games having a positive or a negative effect on today’s adolescents? Spending too much time playing video games leads to escalating rates of teen violence, obesity and declining grades. Violence, which also includes bullying, among teens has been on the rise for years, Watch the local evening news and you will most likely hearRead MoreVideo Game : Violent Video Games927 Words   |  4 PagesThe video game industry possible causing behavioral problems for people of all ages. Video game violence isn’t breaking news for years people have played games with murder and sexual innuendos. People ask why violent video games are so attractive, maybe it’s a way to escape from real life or even therapeutic. History shows us that human being like violence, in roman time gladiators killed people and animals for sport with huge number of people as an audience. Today the video game industry has foundRead MoreViolence and Americas Troubled Youth Essays1069 Words   |  5 PagesVideo games have come a long way since the days of Pong. Advances in technology have allowed games to present state of the art graphics and surreal like qualities to its consumers; from four star simulated battle scenes to enhanced real live fire shoot outs. With all these innovations added to violent video games it attracted the visual needs of our teenage youth. Although video game violence has been blamed for high profile school shootings, video games and its creators should not be held accountable

Dingoes Free Essays

string(78) " may turn over furniture or dig up the backyard looking for something to eat\." NAME: _______________________________________ Persuasive Unit Packet In this persuasive essay you will persuade your reader which of the following inventions is most important (is the most valuable to mankind): 1. Electricity – from the light bulb to the computer 2. Writing – the printing press, books, and literacy 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Dingoes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Immunization – vaccinations against disease 4. Modern Plumbing – the sink, toilet, shower You will be writing a five paragraph essay persuading your reader to think like you. In this packet are the tools that will lead you to write persuasively. This will be due at various times and must be submitted with your final draft. Write in the due dates below as your teacher tells you: * Rough draft to the INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH due * Rough draft to the BODY PARAGRAPH 1 2 due * Rough draft to the COUNTER PARAGRAPH due * Rough draft of CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH due * PEER EDITED ROUGH DRAFT due * FINAL, TYPED DRAFT DUE ON Introductory Paragraph Worksheet In the space below write your opinion on which invention you think is the most important. Now, provide six bullets as to why it’s the most important: * * * * * Now combine these thoughts into a rough draft of the thesis: is the invention because (topic)(adjective) (reason #1/body 1) and (reason #2/body 2) Attention Grabber/Active Research An effective persuasive essay includes a hook or attention grabber such as: * Giving some interesting information about your topic * Ask a thought-provoking question * Quote someone knowledgeable about your topic * Share an experience In order to do these, you must research your topic. Chart your research findings below: Fact| Source (website/book)| | | Quote| | Question| | Choosing three of the approaches above, and your research, develop each one into an attention getter: 1. 2. 3. Next, have a peer review these three and have him/her star and initial which one they like best. Introductory Paragraph Rough Draft Now, combine your attention grabber and thesis and write a rough introductory paragraph. (use the example paragraph on the bottom as a model) Introductory Paragraph Example 1: Last year, our neighbors got a dingo. As a puppy, this Australian wild dog was very friendly. By the time it was six months old, though, the dingo was big and mean. After it attacked our dog, Animal control had to take the dingo away. What if our neighbors buy a baby crocodile next? Exotic pets might be interesting, but they can also cause a lot of trouble. People should think carefully before buying unusual pets because they do not always consider how it grows, they get tired of them, and the pets can even carry exotic diseases. (Write Source, â€Å"Avoiding Exotic Pets† p. 225) THERE IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF AN INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH ON THE NEXT PAGE Introductory Paragraph Example 2: The final bell rings. It’s the last day of school, and summer has finally come! For America’s students summer vacation means two and a half months without school, but recently many people are asking if this two and a half month break might be a factor in America’s declining education. In his latest interviews, President Obama has spoken about his plan to improve education in America. He has discussed the decline in the education system, and voiced concerns about the ability of American students to remain competitive with nations like Japan. While Obama has discussed changes for several areas of education, he has also proposed lengthening the school year. Although extending the school year is not a wildly popular idea, lengthening the school year will help American students become more competitive by helping to raise student achievement and providing low-income students with equal opportunities for success. Body Paragraph Research #1 Look back at your thesis. Write the FIRST reason you listed why your invention is the best and write it here: Now using this as your guide, research on destiny. sandi. net some evidence that proves this claim. Chart your findings below. Fact| Source (website/book)| | | | | | | | | | | | | Body Paragraph #1 Worksheet Write your topic sentence. This should introduce the first reason you listed why your invention is the best (as written in your thesis on worksheet page 2). Example: One problem is that owners often don’t think about what will happen when the animal grows. TS: Now look back at your Body Paragraph Research #1. On that page highlight or circle the two best pieces of evidence that support your claim (listed above). Label them A B with B being your best (strongest) piece of evidence you have. Write these in a complete sentence below: Example: (CD/A) For example, potbellied pigs are cute when they are little, but they can be hard to handle later on. Your CD/A: Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete details (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Example CM for CD/A: This fact proves that ownership of exotic animals becomes more difficult as the animal matures. Your CM: Your CD/B: Example: (CD/B) According to World Book Online, pigs may turn over furniture or dig up the backyard looking for something to eat. You read "Dingoes" in category "Papers" Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete details (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Example CM for CD/B: This clearly proves that ownership of exotic animals becomes more difficult as the animal matures. Your CM: Lastly, you will end this body paragraph with a concluding sentence which will transition into reason number two that supports your topic (the second reason listed in your thesis). Example: In fact, in some cases owners become so overwhelmed with their esponsibilities that they take the drastic measure to give away their pet. Your CL: Body Paragraph #1 Rough Draft Below, this is an example of a body paragraph: One problem is that owners often don’t think about what will happen when the animal grows (TS). For example, potbellied pigs are cute when they’re little, but they can be hard to handle later on (CD1). This fact shows that exotic animals can grow into a potential dangerous problem. (CM) According to World Book Online, pigs may turn over furniture or dig up the backyard looking for something to eat (CD2). This clearly proves that ownership of exotic animals becomes more difficult as the animal matures (CM). In fact, in some cases owners become so overwhelmed with their responsibilities that they take the drastic measure to give away their pet (CL). Below, this is an example of another first body paragraph: In recent years, American students have begun to fall behind their international peers. For example, President Obama has cited the fact that in the United States, â€Å"8th Grade curriculum is two year behind competing nations. † If the United States hopes to remain a world power, it is crucial that we take steps to raise our education standards. In order to raise our curriculum and hold our students to higher standards a longer school year is necessary. Furthermore, Obama stated that one third of 13-14 year-olds in America are not reading at grade level. These facts clearly show a huge problem within the U. S. educational system. The ability to read at an appropriate level is essential to success and understanding in school and life. Our educational system is faced with the job of preparing this countries youth for the future, and clearly our students are not developing the necessary skills. Finally, the US math score on the PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) test was a 487 which is below the international average of 496. With the advances being made in technology and science it is crucial that American student have a strong understanding of math and science principals. While other countries seem to be excelling in these subjects it is unacceptable for US student to be scoring below the international average. For many years the US has been an international superpower. In order to remain a superpower, The US must take steps to improve education and stop our students from falling behind. ON THE NEXT PAGE YOU WILL WRITE YOUR BODY PARAGRAPH ROUGH DRAFT Now, combine your work from PAGES 6 and 7 and write your first rough body paragraph. (use the example paragraphs on page 7 as a model) Body Paragraph Research #2 Look back at your thesis. Write the SECOND reason you listed why your invention is the best and write it here: Now using this as your guide, research on destiny. sandi. net some evidence that proves this claim. Chart your findings below. Fact| Source (website/book)| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Body Paragraph #2 Worksheet Write your topic sentence. This should introduce the second (and strongest) reason you listed why your invention is the best (as written in your thesis on worksheet page 2). Example: The most serious problem is that owners who grow tired of their exotic pets have trouble finding new homes for them. TS: Now look back at your Body Paragraph Research #2. On that page highlight or circle the two best pieces of evidence that support your claim (listed above). Label them A B with B being your best (strongest) piece of evidence you have. Write one in a complete sentence below: Example: (CD/A) Often, shelters cannot take these pets, so owners turn them loose. CD/A: Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete detail (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Example: This example shows how overwhelming owning an exotic pet can be. CM: CD/B: (CD/B) According to the San Diego Tribune, when a woman in Florida reached into her flower garden, a tropical snake that had been turned loose by a neighbor attacked her. Now, provide the commentary (CM) for your concrete detail (CD). Remember, commentary explains to your reader how the concrete details support your topic sentence (TS) IN YOUR OWN WORDS. No example given. See first body paragraph. CM: Lastly, you will end this body paragraph with a concluding sentence which will end the supporting body paragraphs of your paper. Example: In conclusion, exotic animals, while fascinating, do not make the best household pets. CL: Now, combine your work from PAGES 9 and 10 to write your first rough body paragraph. (use the example from body paragraph as a model) Counter Argument Paragraph First, you will acknowledge that other arguments can be made in the defense of alternate inventions. (Immunization, Writing, Modern Plumbing, Electricity) Come up with three arguments used by ONE of the other three inventions discussed: 1. 2. 3. You may use a beginning similar to the examples below as your topic sentence: (choose only one of the sentences starters below): Some people will say Some believe An alternate way of thinking Choose the two weakest arguments from above about why this invention is important: 1. 2. Now, write a rebuttal: using research and your own thinking respond to one of the counter arguments above: __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Now, using a conclusion sentence, refocus your counter-argument paragraph back to your opinion (topic): SEE NEXT PAGE FOR EXAMPLES OF COUNTER ARGUMENT PARAGRAPHS Counter-Argument Paragraph Rough Draft Below, this is an example of a counter-argument paragraph: (1) Some people would say that owning an exotic pet is a wonde rful experience. (2) They might say that exotic pets make the owner stand out in a crowd. (3) They also might say that owning an exotic pet is a unique and rewarding experience. 4) While an exotic pet may be rewarding, a domesticated animal will provide that same if not safer reward. According to ABC News Investigations reports of exotic pets attacking their owners have increased dramatically over the recent years. (5) It is clear to see that these unique animals also come with unique challenges especially when they mature. Below, this is another example of a counter-argument paragraph: While President Obama’s proposal has many supporters, not everyone agrees that the school year should be extended. Opponents of this proposal claim that extending the school year is simply too expensive. While budget must be considered, education is the foundation for our countries future. If we are going to invest money in anything it should be education. In a recent interview with Matt Lauer President Obama discusses the cost associated with extending the school year, saying, â€Å"that would be money well spent†. Another point often discusses by the opposition is, that shortening the school year will take away important family and social development time. Unfortunately, many students in our country do not have the ability to participate in summer learning activities. Summer camps and learning programs are a luxury often enjoyed by middle and upper class families. Without these programs many students experience summer learning loss wherein they can lose up to two months of math and reading skills. In summary, although there are arguments against extending the school year, it is important to consider what is best for our children. If we want to give all Americans the opportunity to compete in a global job market, it is important to invest in our students now and extend the school year. ON THE NEXT PAGE YOU WILL WRITE YOUR COUNTER ARGUMENT PARAGRAPH ROUGH DRAFT Now, combine your work from PAGES 11 AND 12 to write a rough counter-argument paragraph. (use the example paragraph above as a model) _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ On Next Page You Will Write Your Concluding Paragraph Write Your Conclusion Paragraph Below: Restate your thesis: Now, write your strongest piece of evidence/support/CD from your first body paragraph: _______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Now, write your strongest piece of evidence/support/CD from your second body paragraph: On the lines below write the sentences above as your CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH ROUGH DRAFT: _______________________________________________________________________________________ On the next and last page is an examp le of a conclusion paragraph. In conclusion, in order to keep our students from falling behind, and provide equal learning opportunities for low-income students, the United States needs to lengthen the school year. The facts clearly show that today’s students are falling behind. It is unacceptable to allow our students to be falling behind in reading and math. It is unacceptable to allow two months of summer learning loss to occur. Something must be done. Education is the key to our countries future. As a country we need to show our students that we value and support their education. The best way to do this is by making the hard decisions, lengthening the school year, and doing what it takes to make our student competitive in a world market. THIS IS THE LAST PAGE. THERE ARE NO MORE PAGES. How to cite Dingoes, Papers

Ethics and Governance Stakeholders

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Governance for Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction: This study deals with Ethics and Governance pertaining to the case study whereby there are two friends present namely Becks and Vicky (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). In this particular assignment, emphasis has been drawn whereby ethical issues are outlined regarding the case study. Finally, suggestions have also been made if a particular person is in place of Becks in the current situation (Tormo-Carb, Segu-Mas and Oltra 2016). Identification of the Stakeholder in the Situation From the above case study, it is easy to identify the stakeholders or involved parties namely Becks and Vicky. Becks and Vicky are two friends and Vicky asked Becks for purchase of accounting textbook from the university bookshop (Tormo-Carb, Segu-Mas and Oltra 2016). Outlining the Ethical Issues Involved Becks gained $15 by acquisition the text at a price lower than the bookshop text priced at $80. Becks had misled his friend Vicky because he failed in disclosing the cost price of $65 representing what he paid for the particular accounting textbook (Mintz 2016). Vicky, friend of Becks had lost the benefits of reduced price cost savings of $15. Becks were not honest, as he did not retain $15 cash savings for Vicky. Becks failed in acting in ethical way as it was expected as a friend (Cameron and O'Leary 2015). Becks did not even tell Vicky regarding the economic value of the book. He was found in breaching his duty to his friend Vicky by not buying the new book at $65 as well as offering $15 in return (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). Ethical issues involved in the particular case study revolve around the case regarding Becks acting unfair and unethical for his own friend Vicky (Tormo-Carb, Segu-Mas and Oltra 2016). Discuss what you would do if you were Becks If I was in place of Becks, then I would have never cheated on my friend and tell Vicky regarding the new economic value of the accounting textbook. For me, friendship means trusting each other because Vicky had trusted and given me money to buy the textbook. It will unfair on my part if I try to make profits out from that accounting textbook. I would rather buy a brand-new textbook costing $80 as listed in the bookshop and handover to my friend Vicky. I would never think of making profits from my own friend, as friendship is more important than money. It is unethical to make money from friend who has already trusted Becks for purchase of accounting textbook (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that the case study focus mainly on unethical issues governing from the case analysis. It is therefore recommended that Becks should have followed the ethical attributes and never thinks of cheating his own friend and making profits at the same time. It is advisable in purchasing the brand new accounting book for his friend Vicky at the economic value. Then, it will be considered that Becks was true friend to Vicky and does not possess any wrong intention for the same. Reference List Cameron, R.A. and O'Leary, C., 2015. Improving ethical attitudes or simply teaching ethical codes? the reality of accounting ethics education.Accounting Education,24(4), pp.275-290. Mintz, S., 2016.Ethical obligations and decision-making in accounting: text and cases. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Tormo-Carb, G., Segu-Mas, E. and Oltra, V., 2016. Accounting Ethics in Unfriendly Environments: The Educational Challenge.Journal of Business Ethics,135(1), pp.161-175. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

Pasay River Environmental Analysis Essay Example

Pasay River Environmental Analysis Paper This, in addition to the city residents, affects the rate of waste reduction; in which case, is high. Without proper management and careful planning, these may result to diseases such as malaria, dengue and the like, floods and other environmental issues brought about by land and water pollution. In the interview conducted, the chief-of-staff enumerated some of the actions they take to address the challenges faced with waste production. Cleaning programs, planting trees, monitoring waste collections, and imposing strict policies are some of those that he mentioned. As for the opinion ion of the group, the city government must reinforce these actions so as to strengthen the solutions to reduce pollution. II. Social Inquiry Questions The fieldwork centered on two topics: water pollution and waste disposal. The interview questions consisted of the condition of the two main creeks in Papas and how it is currently affecting the community and on the management of waste in different Barings in Papas. The objective of the fieldwork is to find out whether there is a connection between the two problems (water pollution and waste disposal). 1. Is water accessible to everyone in the area? . How is the quality of water in the area? 3. Is the sewage system directly connected to the river? 4. What are examples of water-related problems in the area? . How does it affect the community? 6. Are diseases caused by unsanitary water rampant in the area? 7. Are there any plans or programs that the barraging have that add reuses these problems? 8. Is the waste disposa l system adequate to the needs of the community? 9. What are some health related problems that the community experienced regarding improper waste disposal? 10. How does the community manage waste disposal? Ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Pasay River Environmental Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pasay River Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pasay River Environmental Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Findings and Analysis Papas City Papas City is known as the premiere gateway to the Philippines. It is located on the western side, Manila Bay; northeast, Magmata; southwest, Parquet City. It is the third smallest city among the cities in the four districts of the National Capital Region. Generally, Papas is characterized by coastal plains along the Manila Bay. However, just a slight slope feature Of areas is seen in the southern part. Since it is along the Bay, its elevation is more or less only two meters from the sea level. This extends all along the sea sides. Papas city has two main creeks: Trip De Galling and Americana creeks. This is fed by nearby river basins that come from Parquet City and Lass Pià ±atas Capote Rivers. According to the study made by EDEN, the major rivers in Metro Manila like hose in Papas are biologically dead. This is brought about by the wastes that are emitted by the domestic, industrial and agricultural operations. Because of its low level condition, flooding is one of the major problems experienced by Papas City. Also, since it is located along the sea, its water is mostly affected by salty water. Due to the high level of salinity in it, it needs to be treated first before it can be suitable for drinking. Papas City is also composed of 201 Barings. It has 20 zones and each zones have 10 Barings. Like in any other Barings in Metro Manila, waste disposal is an Issue. The group interviewed Mr.. Ever M. Alarming, the Chief of Staff of the Alga Eng mega Barraging in Papas. Water Pollution Water pollution is a rampant problem in cities and areas that are near or surrounded by bodies of water. Water pollution negatively affects the way of living of individuals. It affects the communitys quality of life, drinking water, habitat and recreation. Since Papas City is surrounded by different bodies of water, it has been experiencing different water-related problems. One of the major problems they have been experiencing ever since is flooding, especially since the country has been experiencing strong typhoons. One solution that Papas did o address this problem is to intensify the cleaning of the canals in the city. Also, in times of flooding and strong typhoon, the city officials immediately asks the citizens living near water areas to evacuate their homes and go to the schools that are assigned for this purpose. The city and all its Barings also implemented Disaster Reduction Management. Currently, Papas also has potable water because of the Papas Wastewater Treatment Facility. It is part of Mammalians Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan. Papas sewage system project, water quality, project updates and development timeline are included in the project. Papas is also getting a lot of support from the government and other agencies that address different problems they are experiencing with their bodies of water and sewage system as well. Manilas said that some of the pipes have been prone to leakage and breakage due to old age thats why it is going to be replaced. Waste Disposal Waste disposal is an integral part of a community since it ensures not only the cleanliness but also the safety of the citizens. Improper waste disposal can lead to different health risks such as contamination and other diseases. For Papas, the measures they have for managing waste is a regular electing of garbage throughout the whole city. IV. Conclusion Improper waste disposal has been one of Metro Manilas biggest environmental problems. Since almost all the cities in Metro Manila are over populated, citizens are producing so much garbage but are not disposing it properly, leaving lying on the ground, creating a dumpiest or disposing it to different bodies Of water. Improper waste disposal, if not addressed or treated properly, can lead to other things and worsen its effect on the environment. One major effect of improper waste management is water pollution. Water resource is an essential part of a community. Sewage systems are directly affected by waste disposal that can cause flooding. Also, these sewage contaminate the rivers and lakes since it is directly connected to it. When the source of water is polluted, the water quality becomes poor which then endangers the lives and livelihood of individuals. Papas, being surrounded by rivers, creeks and bay, is suffering from water pollution. The city government has been passing laws and different project to address this problem. Government data showed that 10% of the 4,100 metric tons of waste generated by the residents of Metro Manila are dumped into rivers and lakes. Everything in the environment is interconnected.

Air Canada Takes Off with Maintenix Essays

Air Canada Takes Off with Maintenix Essays Air Canada Takes Off with Maintenix Paper Air Canada Takes Off with Maintenix Paper Air Canada Takes off with Maintenix Read the Interactive Session: Technology, and then discuss the following questions: 1. What problems does Air Canada hope that Maintenix will solve? 2. How does Maintenix improve operational efficiency and decision-making? 3. Give examples of three decisions supported by the Maintenix system. What information do the Maintenix modules provide to support each of these decisions? Answer: 1. What problems does Air Canada hope that Maintenix will solve? The Air Canada hope that the Maintenix will solve the problem that the system weren’t able to interact with one another or with finance and inventory systems. The Air Canada hope that the solution will provide additional functionalities to Air Canadas Engineering, Planning, Materials Management, Line Maintenance and Technical Records departments and is expected to be fully implemented at all Air Canada locations by 2010. 2. How does Maintenix improve operational efficiency and decision-making? Ma tintenix provides a system platform that is accessible via the Web and easy to deploy to all stations around the world. About operational efficiency :Mxi claims that their software reduces repetitive tasks and time chasing missing or incomplete information by allowing maintenance, engineering, and finance divisions to easily share information. The Mxi Maintenix(R) software uses a modern architecture and provides advanced capabilities such as a role-based Web browser interface, automated workflow, integration adapters, electronic signatures, and support for portable wireless devices. In addition to supplying Maintenix, Mxi provides a full range of services including Maintenix implementation, business consulting, systems integration, training, and support. 3. Give examples of three decisions supported by the Maintenix system. What information do the Maintenix modules provide to support each of these decisions? maintenance engineering, line maintenance, and materials management modules. Examples1, the maintenance engineering module: the airline can set up a â€Å"logical onfiguration†, which describes aircraft components, part relationships, and compatibility rules. The Mix modules used to establish the configuration hierarchy, rules, and maintenance program that all of the other modules depend upon. Examples2, the line maintenance: this module allows Air Canada to ensure that qualified technicians are available before they schedule maintenance. The Mix provides line station planning applications based on the capabilities of the line station facilities as well as the aircrafts’ scheduled locations. Exmaples3, the materials management module: The Mix ensures that minimum amount of each part is always in inventory without causing engineers to be short on parts at any times. When Air Canada technicians work on airplanes, they use several different legacy software packages that have been installed over the last 15 years. The systems don’t always talk to each other or the finance and inventory systems, so the Montreal-based airline has hired Mxi Technologies Ltd. of Ottawa to replace it. The companies announced this week Air Canada is scheduled to start installing Mxi’s Maintenix software next year. The companies did not disclose( ) the total cost, though the contract is worth â€Å"multi millions of dollars,† said Hans Downer, Mxi’s executive vice-president for sales and support. Maintenix is designed to let maintenance, engineering and finance divisions share information, and Mxi claims this reduces repetitive tasks. â€Å"One of the benefits of the Mxi product is, all of this is integrated into a single system, gives us a single view and a single planning mechanism for our entire fleet,† said Steve Bogie, Air Canada’s program director for the software implementation. It gets us off that legacy platform and puts us on to a Web platform that we can deploy to all of our stations around the world. † Maintenix uses â€Å"n-tier† architecture that separates the business logic part from the database and from the user interface. From ComputerWorld Canada Kronos wins another Air Canada contract It has integration adapters, which are sold separa tely and lets the software share information with enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, plus flight operations applications, general ledger, supply chain optimization nd human resources systems. It includes workflow functions and can be supported by a third-party application service provider. Air Canada plans to hire a company to host its implementation, though it has not chosen a provider, Bogie said. Its six modules are maintenance engineering, line maintenance, heavy maintenance, shop maintenance, materials management and finance. Air Canada is using all six modules, though the heavy maintenance, shop maintenance and finance modules will only be implemented partially. This is because a separate contractor, Air Canada Technical Services (ACTS), also maintains Air Canada planes. ACTS has been spun off as a separate company and is not a subsidiary, said the airline’s media relations manager, John Reber. Bogie said Air Canada plans to implement the full set of maintenance engineering, line maintenance and materials management modules. The maintenance engineering module is used to establish rules and users can pre-populate the data. They can also set up a â€Å"logical configuration,† which describes the aircraft components, part relationships and compatibility rules.

Bayeux Tapestry (Experience-Letter) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bayeux Tapestry (Experience-Letter) - Essay Example The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the events leading up to and during the Battle of Hastings. It is a tribute to William the Conqueror and his successful invasion of England, which brought about the end of the Anglo-Saxon reign of England and started the claim of the crown by Norman leaders.† (The Bayeux, n. p.)Many colors are used for the creation of this Tapestry. The Bayeux Tapestry tells the story, but its own story remains untold, and if it is told, it lacks veracity. Its origin, the reasons for its origin and its creators are not definitely known. The Tapestry is enmeshed in a web of controversy as for its genesis. Amidst the thick of the battle or immediately after the battle in whose mind such a poetic and artistic idea must have dawned? That individual cannot be a fire-brand, gun wielding general. He could be an art-loving King who has won the battle or a philosopher-historian. â€Å"Bishop Odo was William the Conqueror’s half-brother, and Odo features in the Bayeux Tapestry. As well as being William’s brother, the finished tapestry fits nicely inside the nave of the Bayeux Cathedral, suggesting that the Bayeux Tapestry is designed specifically for Odo and his cathedral. If this is the case, then Bishop Odo would have been responsible for approving the plans, designs and scenes created for the Bayeux Tapestry†. So, religion and politics both play part in the making of this Tapestry. As I move near the Tapestry and study it from the closest angle possible, I feel as if a spokesperson has materialized from it. and he speaks in a low voice that is audible to me only and not to other tourists who have come in a group to see it. That voice says, â€Å"I am a mere wall-hanging, an object of art to the one who views me thus. Only a few realize the historical facts that go in my creation, the battles that it represents, and I think you are one of them. I am part of the pages of human history daubed in bloodshed. My design is mysterious an d my story is appalling. Unless you are serious student of history, a researcher, you will not be able to recognize me. Am I right? Instead of inviting you to identify me, instead of beating about the bush on the preliminaries related to this tapestry, let me introduce myself to you. Lifestyles have changed; the dress codes for the fighting forces have changed. The modern fashion designers will not be able to make the head and tail of our dresses.† The voice continues, â€Å"I am Vital, a vassal of bishop Odo. Army moves and positioning of soldiers is one of the trickiest assignments in the era to which we belong. The moves and countermoves are decided on the basis of day to day reporting by those who are posted in the forward scouting positions. Just as the tapestry designs change in relation to the fashion trends, the moves in war change as per the demand of the strategy, tactics and allied issues prevailing on the decision making time. I, along with two others, am in charg e of supervising the work on the Tapestry. Scouting is important in that era, to know the battle-ready position of the enemy and to plan the counter moves. I am part of the forward scouting positions. So, while creating the Tapestry, I am in a position to give the exact details as to the happenings in the battle front. You are amazed to see the type of dress we the soldiers wear and some of the

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project - Essay Example Currently, it is spoken by not less than 750 million individuals and half of them are native speakers. English has turned to be the planet’s most spoken language. Some critics provoked a huge amount of interest in the unpredictable manners in which young people appropriate and apply linguistic resources consciously in greatly marked identity forms through a process that can be called styling. English, just like any other language has made tremendous steps globally; a fact that is widely supported since English is regarded to be the language that is used in transforming the entire world. Sociolinguistic is a term used in referring to the study of the relationship connecting society and language. It is the duty of sociolinguists to explain why individuals speak dissimilarly in different social contexts. The phrase â€Å"sociolinguist† was arrived at by the social Science Research Council (SSRC) in the year 1963 to distinguish its new advisory committee. The term was a psycholinguistics’ analog, the interdisciplinary major it had magnificently brokered a decade earlier. Whatever sociolinguistics has to avail to studies of English as a language, shall be defined by emerging developments, and not the older ones. The new ones pose a great challenge to the study of English. A lot of changes have contributed to the emergence of some terminologies used in a particular language. Just like any other discipline, sociolinguistic shelters a tremendous variety of approaches. In other parts of sociolinguistics, it seems as very little has taken place for the past couple of decades; however in others, there are new developments witnessed and they are up-coming at a speed flouting that of publishing, resulting to most people downloading working papers ad disbursing PowerPoint presentations instead of finished work. This paper has focused on the kind of languages used by most people; for this case, slang and original English. The scope of this study has also

GM Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GM Food - Essay Example estimates that over 700 million people from 79 middle and low income countries suffer from food insecurity, with the poorest countries suffering the most. Globally, about an eighth of the population suffers from chronic hunger and do not regularly get enough food to actively engage in life’s activities. Countries that have improved their food security measures have leveraged on modern technology to achieve their objectives. One such technology that has been used to improve food production is referred to as genetic modification. As defined by Freedman, genetic modification involves the scientific alteration of characteristics of organisms, encompassing both animals and plants, through removal or addition of genes (85). In crops, Shaw observes that biochemical changes would be induced through inserting or expressing alien cells leading to the difference in metabolites observed in genetically modified, GM foods and their non-GM counterparts (278). This usually aims at developing new traits considered as desirable in these organisms, including higher yield, herbicide resistance, improved nutritional qualities and pest protection among others. With the criticisms against GM foods proven to be mere fears, GM foods should be adopted globally as an effective strategy to enhance food security. Of prime importance to the world is the fact that GM foods increase food supply. Genetic modification leads to development of seeds that produce high yields. Freedman gives evidence to this noting that through genetic modification, humans have been able to increase the yield of cotton, soy and corn by a range of between 20% and 30% (86). Furthermore, a majority of GM crops are able to withstand the current harsh climatic conditions attributed to global warming. These crops have the ability to withstand salty land, dryness, diseases, insects and a wide range of herbicides. They are also able to withstand extreme temperatures (Shaw 256). Therefore, adoption of GM foods into our food

Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery

Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence written by Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley offers the reader an in-depth look at child abuse and neglect. Karr-Morse and Wiley (1997) discuss the effects of abuse and neglect, looking specifically at violence in children. The book follows a young man, 19 year old Jeffery, who is on death row for committing a murder when he was 16 years old. Jeffery serves as a beautiful case study for the authors and readers to analyze and apply theories to. By looking at Jeffery and other children who kill, Karr-Morse and Wiley(1997) begin to discover the truths about the delicate and important years of infancy and early childhood. The authors look at child development and behavior particularly from conception to age two. With development and behavior in mind, they investigate the effects that abuse and neglect have on childrens trust, empathy, conscience, and learning during these pivotal years. Throughout the journey of this book, the reader learns a plethora of interesting facts about human development and how it is influenced by abuse and neglect. Throughout the chapters the readers are also given an opportunity to see the implications of such behavior with real life cases and studies. By taking the time to read Ghosts from the Nursery, one will not only have a better understanding of infancy and early child development but also understand why negative experiences affect children as they do and what it means for society as a whole. Upon the completion of this text the reader will have an appreciation for quality parenting and know the devastating effects abuse and neglect have on children and its influence in creating violent children. Critique This text offers knowledgeable contributions to the readers understanding of infancy and early childhood abuse and neglect. Karr-Morse and Wiley (1997) do an excellent job of explaining why the interaction of biological variables with environment variables results in pro-social or antisocial outcomes (81). Examples of this interaction are presented in every chapter with different situations and scenarios. The reader will quickly deduct that this is the most important connection to make and that children reflect what they have absorbed biologically and socially (Karr-Morse Wiley, 1997, 183). The text does a great job assessing a number of issues related to child abuse and neglect including but not limited to early brain anatomy and development, exposure to drugs in the womb, the interaction of parenting and temperament, and the impact of early trauma, head injuries, and emotional deprivation. Each chapter within this text takes a profound look at these issues and how they relate back to childhood violence. Along with providing new and essential knowledge, each chapter is opened by reconnecting with the case study of Jeffery and providing the reader with a personal account of the implications of the issues being discussed. By reading each section carefully and deliberately the reader begins to understand all the variables involved in producing a violent child and the impact these variables have on the way the child processes information, or does not process information as it may be. Along with presenting valuable information to the reader and deepening the readers understanding of the child abuse and neglect, the text does have its downfalls. While reading, one will observe that ideas are repeated too often causing the reader to begin skimming the material. The authors have a tendency to be repetitious in their writing to a point that it hurts the overall affect of the book. Karr-Morse and Wiley also like to provide in depth explanations which detract from the main point they are trying to convey by shifting the focus to a minute fact, thus losing their readers attention. Along with in depth explanations, Karr-Morse and Wiley have a tendency to include too many supporting facts. Though interesting, the facts tend to distract the reader from the main arguments the authors are attempting to make. With these three issues in mind, the overall book is difficult to get through and a relatively slow read. With shorter, more to the point chapters, the authors may have b een able to retain their readers attention for longer amount of time. These improvements would also place more emphasis on the purpose of each chapter and how it influences the making of a violent child, rather than emphasizing the supporting facts. Overall, this text is very educational and a valued contribution to any mandated reporters collection of knowledge. It is suggested however, that Ghosts from the Nursery be read like a textbook and not like a book one would read before bed. With the knowledge of the writing style the authors express themselves in, one can successfully navigate their way through this book and come out the other side with considerably more knowledge in the field of child abuse and neglect. Implications There are numerous implications for anyone, particularly a teacher, after reading Ghosts from the Nursery by Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith Wiley. First and foremost, one must begin to understand the pervasive effects of child abuse and neglect and how important those first two years of life are on development. Abuse and neglect have many faces, some of which are well hidden from the publics eye. As a teacher, especially in preschool, it is imperative to be sensitive to these issues and the repercussions if not detected and treated. As an elementary or preschool teacher, one will be able to assess a childs basic physical, social, emotional and intellectual development in comparison to the childs peers and determine whether the child is on track or not. It is during the preschool years and prior that developmental delays as a result of abuse or neglect will begin to show up in the child. This information may contribute to the teachers inclination that abuse is or is not occurring. It is essential to know that abuse and/or neglect from the time the child is inside the mothers womb to present day can display itself throughout various times in the childs development, and in any one of the developmental domains. This text specifically assists the reader in their quest to better identify and understand the less obvious forms of abuse and neglect and comprehend what it means particularly for a childs social/emotional development. Looking more closely at the disruptive behavior disorders chapter in the text is also beneficial to an individual entering the education field. Children who have such disorders will become obvious during the early school years as they are overwhelming our preschools and child care centers. With children who have disruptive behavior disorders their parents often feel exhausted and angry, their feelings of affection stretched thin or greatly compromised (Karr-Morse Wiley, 1997, 104), placing the child at a higher risk for being abused or neglected and later developing oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. Some of these children may be experiencing abuse at home, or come to school out of chaotic and neglectful circumstances that leave them physically and emotionally malnourished (Karr-Morse Wiley, 1997, 105). For a teacher, seeing a child who has a disruptive behavior disorder may be a warning flag to keep an eye on the child and family and offer them additional resources to ease any additional stress they may be experiencing. Consequently, from reading this text, one will have a thorough understanding of how child abuse and neglect affects a childs development and what that will look like in the childs behavior. For anyone entering the education field whether it be in the public school district or in a childcare center, those individuals will find themselves mandatory reporters of child abuse and neglect. By reading this text, and having a solid foundation of what abuse and neglect look like, one will have the knowledge to better be able to advocate for a childs needs when necessary.

The Darkness of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland Essay -- Abbott Flatland E

The Darkness of Flatland            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The golden sand sparkles in the brilliant sunlight. The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   radiant beams hit the calm waves which magnify the fervent light.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Content and overjoyed, many birds fly high overhead. On the      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  beach, an annoying crab approaches an ostrich, coercing the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grounded bird to hide its head in a hole in the sand.   Paralyzed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with fear, the mammoth bird, although huge in comparison to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   attacking crab, buries its head in the cold, wet sand, hoping   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that the feeble but ominous assailant will leave.   Comfortable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   with its dreary hiding place, the large, awkward bird remains   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   buried its entire life, never experiencing the comforting life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   which the light produces. Because the bird is intimidated by this   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   minuscule but threatening crab, the never-ending cycle of fear   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   continues.   Much like this frightened bird and the citizens of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Flatland, humans prefe... ...nbsp;   ideas. Often, leaders fear irregulars because they speak the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   truth. Arthur, a   born-again irregular through his experiences,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tells of a new way of living and striving to live   right and not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to fear the unknown, but to bring it into the open, explore it,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and to learn from it.   They will always rely on logic and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   tradition, ignoring faith and ideas based not on fact. Flatland   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   will remain without light forever.            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     

A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell

This short story entitled â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is about a farmer’s murder in Dickinson County.   This farmer named John Wright was murdered during his sleep.   The suspect of the said crime was his wife, Minnie Wright, for the crime happened in their residence, in John’s own bed.   Mr. Wright was strangled by a rope during his sleep which caused his death.   The story revolved around the investigation conducted after the crime.   Five people went to the Wright’s residence – Mr. Henderson, who was the county attorney; Mr. Peters who was the sheriff together with his wife; and, Mr. Hale, who was a neighbor of the Wrights.   Mrs. Martha Hale was also there since Mrs. Peters wanted to have female company with her as they went to the scene of the crime. When they got to the Wrights’ house, the sheriff and the county attorney asked Mr. Hale to tell about what happened when he went to the house to see John Wright.   Mr. Hale said that Mrs. Wright was just in seated on a chair and as he asked to see John, Minnie said he cannot for John is dead.   He asked where he was and Minnie simply pointed upstairs.   Further, he asked how he died and she said that a rope wrung his neck.   So Mr. Hale went upstairs together with his eldest son, Harry. Mr. Hale thought of removing the rope thinking that John might still be alive, but his son stopped him, saying that it was evidence that should be preserved.   Harry ascertained that Mr. Wright was indeed dead. During the investigation, they failed to scrutinize for clues in the kitchen and focused on the crime scene itself.   As the three men investigated upstairs, the two women were left in the kitchen, where they did investigations by themselves.   Ironically, the two women discovered things which served as pieces of the puzzle.   Mrs. Hale knew that there were unfinished tasks in the kitchen, which the men did not notice. She knew this, as she herself had unfinished works in the kitchen as his husband demanded that she join him to the Wrights’ house. Another clue was a bird cage with hinges that were broken, in what they thought, a rough manner. Then, there was a quilt, with stitching that they scrutinized and noticed that was almost perfect and neatly done.   At the edge of the quilt, however, the stitches became uneven, as if Minnie was unstable as she did it.   As the women continued to look at Minnie’s sewing materials for the quilt, Mrs. Hale, saw a beautiful box.   When she opened it, she saw something wrapped in silk.   To her surprise it was the dead canary bird.   Its neck was wrung.  Ã‚   It was killed in almost the same way as Mr. Wright was murdered. These pieces of evidence were kept among themselves.   Though the men found out about the broken cage, the women said that perhaps a cat killed the bird, and the men took the idea. Aside from this, Mrs. Hale has repaired that imperfect stitching from the quilt which Mrs. Wright was making.   The women, who seem to relate to the sentiments and position of Minnie, silently agreed to keep the motive for the killing of John Wright.   As Enotes puts it: â€Å"In silent collusion, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters cover up the clues that reveal Minnie's motive, quietly acquitting Minnie from wrongdoing without their husbands' knowledge† (par. 2) This story, as indicated in the Introduction of as study guide in Enotes, was â€Å"based on an actual court case [that Susan Glaspell] covered as a reporter for the Des Moines Daily† (par. 1).   The crime happened in Indianola, Iowa on December 2, 1900 where a farmer named John Hossack was murdered in bed.   His head was hit hard by an axe and the suspect was none other than his wife, Margaret.   She was released as there was insufficient evidence for her to be convicted. Apparently, during the period when Susan Glaspell wrote this short story, women were good as voiceless.   No woman was a member of jury.   Glaspell, through her writing, has depicted how the women can be ironically stronger and smarter than the men.   It was the women who have found the evidence and in their own way became the jurors for this crime.   In addition, women were regarded by men as inferior.   As stated, women were left in the kitchen and it was the men who did the investigation.   Also, there were a number of instances in the story where the men laughed at the women’s ways and conversations.   The women were timid and they do not speak when they were with the men. Moreover, one can deduce the fact that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters can empathize with Mrs. Wright.   They knew that there has been maltreatment from Mr. Wright and that he â€Å"killed† the source of little joys for her wife.   It was mentioned that before they married, Minnie sang on choirs and stopped singing after marrying Mr. Wright.   Moreover, Mrs. Hale supposed that canary birds are singing birds and are good companions against loneliness.   From this, Mrs.   Hale concludes (as implied in the story) that Mr. Wright must have killed the canary bird. The story was written in a cohesive manner and can be easily grasped.   On initial glance it appears to be a simple detective story.     However, as any other literature, one ought to understand it within its historical context.   Reading and understanding the conversations between the women seem to represent the powerlessness and overall disadvantaged status of women in society.   During the 1900s, women did not enjoy the same freedom as women do nowadays. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† effectively showed how unjust the women were treated in a male-dominated society. Enotes say that critics see the story as â€Å"more of a commentary about female oppression, justice, the confining nature of rigid stereotypes, and the differences in perspective between men and women† (par. 3).   Ã‚  Basing from this fact, one can appreciate how powerful such piece of writing was, up to this date.   Furthermore, Enotes adds that â€Å"critics have hailed ‘A Jury of Her Peers’ as a feminist classic, noting the story's significance-laden details and its insight into motivations of men and women† (par. 4).   This work of Glaspell is a good material for the study of feminism. Works Cited â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers, Susan Glaspell: Introduction.† Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jenny Cromie Editor. Vol. 41. Gale Group, Inc., 2001. eNotes.com. 2006. 4 May 2008 ;http://www.enotes.com/short-story-criticism/ jury-her-peers-susan-glaspell; . â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers: Introduction.† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 4 May 2008. Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† Learner.com. 2008. 4 May 2008 ;www.learner.org/interactives/literature/story/fulltext.html;. ; ; ; ; ; ; A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell This short story entitled â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is about a farmer’s murder in Dickinson County.   This farmer named John Wright was murdered during his sleep.   The suspect of the said crime was his wife, Minnie Wright, for the crime happened in their residence, in John’s own bed.   Mr. Wright was strangled by a rope during his sleep which caused his death.   The story revolved around the investigation conducted after the crime.   Five people went to the Wright’s residence – Mr. Henderson, who was the county attorney; Mr. Peters who was the sheriff together with his wife; and, Mr. Hale, who was a neighbor of the Wrights.   Mrs. Martha Hale was also there since Mrs. Peters wanted to have female company with her as they went to the scene of the crime. When they got to the Wrights’ house, the sheriff and the county attorney asked Mr. Hale to tell about what happened when he went to the house to see John Wright.   Mr. Hale said that Mrs. Wright was just in seated on a chair and as he asked to see John, Minnie said he cannot for John is dead.   He asked where he was and Minnie simply pointed upstairs.   Further, he asked how he died and she said that a rope wrung his neck.   So Mr. Hale went upstairs together with his eldest son, Harry. Mr. Hale thought of removing the rope thinking that John might still be alive, but his son stopped him, saying that it was evidence that should be preserved.   Harry ascertained that Mr. Wright was indeed dead. During the investigation, they failed to scrutinize for clues in the kitchen and focused on the crime scene itself.   As the three men investigated upstairs, the two women were left in the kitchen, where they did investigations by themselves.   Ironically, the two women discovered things which served as pieces of the puzzle.   Mrs. Hale knew that there were unfinished tasks in the kitchen, which the men did not notice. She knew this, as she herself had unfinished works in the kitchen as his husband demanded that she join him to the Wrights’ house. Another clue was a bird cage with hinges that were broken, in what they thought, a rough manner. Then, there was a quilt, with stitching that they scrutinized and noticed that was almost perfect and neatly done.   At the edge of the quilt, however, the stitches became uneven, as if Minnie was unstable as she did it.   As the women continued to look at Minnie’s sewing materials for the quilt, Mrs. Hale, saw a beautiful box.   When she opened it, she saw something wrapped in silk.   To her surprise it was the dead canary bird.   Its neck was wrung.  Ã‚   It was killed in almost the same way as Mr. Wright was murdered. These pieces of evidence were kept among themselves.   Though the men found out about the broken cage, the women said that perhaps a cat killed the bird, and the men took the idea. Aside from this, Mrs. Hale has repaired that imperfect stitching from the quilt which Mrs. Wright was making.   The women, who seem to relate to the sentiments and position of Minnie, silently agreed to keep the motive for the killing of John Wright.   As Enotes puts it: â€Å"In silent collusion, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters cover up the clues that reveal Minnie's motive, quietly acquitting Minnie from wrongdoing without their husbands' knowledge† (par. 2) This story, as indicated in the Introduction of as study guide in Enotes, was â€Å"based on an actual court case [that Susan Glaspell] covered as a reporter for the Des Moines Daily† (par. 1).   The crime happened in Indianola, Iowa on December 2, 1900 where a farmer named John Hossack was murdered in bed.   His head was hit hard by an axe and the suspect was none other than his wife, Margaret.   She was released as there was insufficient evidence for her to be convicted. Apparently, during the period when Susan Glaspell wrote this short story, women were good as voiceless.   No woman was a member of jury.   Glaspell, through her writing, has depicted how the women can be ironically stronger and smarter than the men.   It was the women who have found the evidence and in their own way became the jurors for this crime.   In addition, women were regarded by men as inferior.   As stated, women were left in the kitchen and it was the men who did the investigation.   Also, there were a number of instances in the story where the men laughed at the women’s ways and conversations.   The women were timid and they do not speak when they were with the men. Moreover, one can deduce the fact that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters can empathize with Mrs. Wright.   They knew that there has been maltreatment from Mr. Wright and that he â€Å"killed† the source of little joys for her wife.   It was mentioned that before they married, Minnie sang on choirs and stopped singing after marrying Mr. Wright.   Moreover, Mrs. Hale supposed that canary birds are singing birds and are good companions against loneliness.   From this, Mrs.   Hale concludes (as implied in the story) that Mr. Wright must have killed the canary bird. The story was written in a cohesive manner and can be easily grasped.   On initial glance it appears to be a simple detective story.     However, as any other literature, one ought to understand it within its historical context.   Reading and understanding the conversations between the women seem to represent the powerlessness and overall disadvantaged status of women in society.   During the 1900s, women did not enjoy the same freedom as women do nowadays. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† effectively showed how unjust the women were treated in a male-dominated society. Enotes say that critics see the story as â€Å"more of a commentary about female oppression, justice, the confining nature of rigid stereotypes, and the differences in perspective between men and women† (par. 3).   Ã‚  Basing from this fact, one can appreciate how powerful such piece of writing was, up to this date.   Furthermore, Enotes adds that â€Å"critics have hailed ‘A Jury of Her Peers’ as a feminist classic, noting the story's significance-laden details and its insight into motivations of men and women† (par. 4).   This work of Glaspell is a good material for the study of feminism. Works Cited â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers, Susan Glaspell: Introduction.† Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jenny Cromie Editor. Vol. 41. Gale Group, Inc., 2001. eNotes.com. 2006. 4 May 2008 ;http://www.enotes.com/short-story-criticism/ jury-her-peers-susan-glaspell; . â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers: Introduction.† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 4 May 2008. Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† Learner.com. 2008. 4 May 2008 ;www.learner.org/interactives/literature/story/fulltext.html;. ; ; ; ; ; ;

Tibbat Bangladesh

Introduction The art of advertising is a tough job. It is not very easy to impress the mind of the target audience and create a good perception of your product. Creating a good perception takes the job to whole new level where advertisers must make the audience learn about the product. This instigates an even harder job, to pursue the audience to make the decision in your favor. The job is even harder when you have to pursue the audience about a product which has failed once in the past. Such is our mission in reestablishing one of our favorite food brands on the past, ‘Nocilla’. Grupo Nutrexpa’ is the mother company of ‘Nocilla’. The company is headquartered in Barcelona, and it was set up in the 1940s with a view to produce food which was â€Å"tasty and highly nutritious†. Nutrexpa offers five kinds of ‘Nocilla’ with different colors and taste which are ‘Nocilla Bokawa(cake)’; ‘Nocilla Postres (a liquid chocol ate which is used on ice-cream,burgers etc)’; ‘Nocilla sticks (flour sticks& chocolate)’; ‘Nocilla Vasos (red, green, light blue, glass jars)’; ‘Nocilla Tarrinas (two chocolate flavor)’. Basically ‘Nocilla Original’ was marketed in Bangladesh.At the beginning of the 1990’s it was available in our local market though a food importing company of Bangladesh called ‘Sajeeb Corporation’. For the sake of our project we are assuming that Nocilla is being re launched in Bangladesh and the hard task of advertising about this forgotten product has been handed to an advertising company managed by us. Advertising Objectives Sales Objective: It is obvious that Nocilla’s sales in Bangladesh have declined drastically over the last few years. So our main and prime objective as the advertising agency is to boost the sales of Nocilla.Since there are very little mearns of communicating Nocilla to the consumers, we ca n use advertising which is a dominant force in the marketing mix for Nocilla. Communication Objective: As we are repositioning Nocilla with the concept of both Taste and Nutrition, we need to communicate this information to the appropriate target consumers. Through our advertising, we have to make sure the kids get the sense of taste and the parent's get the essence of Nutrition. Audience Analysis As per our analysis, our audiences are our target consumers for whom Nocilla would be reestablished.Kids are very fond of chocolate and would very cheerfully grab the oopportunity to change their traditional breakfast with something more chocolaty and tasty. Teenagers always look for different types of taste in their breakfast. They prefer a fast and easily makeable breakfast that would quickly set them free to get busy with their activities. Also they may prefer the taste whenever they would like to have quick snacks. Paren'ts always look to provide the necessary nutrition to their childr en. Nocilla provides hassle free and quick nutritious breakfast for them.This behavior is also applicable for people with a busy life style and always on the go. Segmentation To better attract our target audience our advertising agency has decided to break down our consumers into sub group of consumers that have ssimilar needs, desired product benefits and purchase behavior. We have decided to segment our consumers by dividing them into Demographic, Geographic and Psychographic segments. Demographic Segmentation: Our target consumers would be of the age between 6 to 25 years. They are mainly kids, teenagers and grownups of that specific age category who share a love for a chocolaty breakfast.We can also include the household of parent's who likes a nutritious breakfast for their kids. Geographic Segmentation: As for the quality Nocilla is a premium product with a premium price. So our main target location will be the city areas like Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet and other major city cen tered regions. Psychographic Segmentation: Our segmentation also depends on the life style of the consumers who would like a ready and fast breakfast as they lead a very busy life. Nocilla only requires a little amount of time to be spread on bread and to prepare. TargetingWe are targeting our consumers based on differentiated marketing. We are targeting kids, teenagers, and grownups. Again, our target segments include parent's and other persons with busy life styles. Positioning We will position Nocilla as ‘A tasty and nutritious breakfast’. One of the prime causes for the fall of the Nocilla brand was its excessive focus on the taste of the product. As consumers became more concerned over nutrition Nocilla began to lose consumers and thus Nocilla began to lose its brand image in Bangladesh. That’s why we are also focusing on the Nutrition factor as equally as taste.Creative Strategy Art Direction: The artistic attributes of the ad-campaign will mainly focus on the positioning concept- ‘A tasty and nutritious breakfast’. In our campaign, all the advertisements will be directed in such a way so that they represent a creative mixture of both factors- Tasty & Nutritious. Also all the ads will indirectly communicate the quick preparation factor. Production Values: For our advertisement campaign, production values plays a very important role in order to convince completely different type segments.Firstly, to attract the kids we have to use our audio and video options in such a way so that our advertisements provide a childish representation. Again to attract the parent's and grown-ups, our visual representation should be in communicative style. Now, to maintain these objectives, we have developed our advertisements accompanied with a proper mixture of communicative style and childish appearance. To create an appropriate ad-campaign for the re establishment of the brand Nocilla we will need the following components of the copy platf orm: ) The sales of Nocilla have drastically declined due to the excessive attention drawn towards the taste criteria, instead of illustrating it as an ideal breakfast spread. b) Our primary objective would be to include the nutrition and quick prepare ability of a Nocilla breakfast along with the taste criteria. c) Unlike before Nocilla would be packaged in different sizes of glass jars and its coloring will differ with the contents of jar. There will be 4 varieties of Nocilla to be marketed in Bangladesh. Its packaging will also contain the nutrition chart which will be easily readable by the consumers. ) The profile of the target audience will be verified from our studies of the audience analysis and their behaviors. e) After a careful study of the Bangladesh Market we have come to see that there is quite a few numbers of competitors of Nocilla in the market. One of the prime competitors of Nocilla was found to be ‘Nutkao’. Originated from Italy, this product has off ered to competitors’ different shapes and sizes of the product according to the family needs. The vvariety of the jars and the illustrations visualized emphasizes on it being a family food to be eaten during any time of the day.Another competitor ‘Cokokrem’ comes from Turkey. This product doesn’t have any vvariety in the market but did illustrate a great taste appeal of cocoa which is rare compared to the others. ‘Alpella Krem’,’Nutella’ ; ‘New Cream’ are also some of the competitors. The mother companies of these products are yet to be recognized. But the nutrition factors of these products do pose a threat to Nocilla. While we have seen Nocilla being priced at only Tk 120/70 based on available sizes, all the other competitors are priced above Tk 200.This suggests that Nocilla have done a good job in keeping the price at a check compared to its competitors. f) The key consumer benefits of Nocilla are- Its tasty, ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s nutritious, and it’s quick to prepare. g) Support for the consumer benefits: The organization is providing us 4 varieties of the Nocilla products which support our notion of it being tasty. Again we are providing a nutrition chart to support claim of Nocilla being nutritious. The traditional packaging of Nocilla with a plastic cap makes it very easy to use thus further supporting our claim. ) Our recommendation for the organization for the selling strategy will be to use a combination of pull and push strategies. They can provide the retailers with trade promotions to push demand of the product while our advertisement will hopefully create a demand among the retailer to store Nocilla on their shelves. i) As for selling style we will go for the soft selling style that mearns we will create an impression in consumer’s mind which will lead them in taking the decision of purchasing Nocilla.Through our ad campaign we will include various kinds of appeals which are- quality appeal, star appeal and definitely sensory appeal. Media Strategy Determining Geographic Scope: As we are reestablishing Nocilla and don’t want to waste our advertisers resources by transmitting our advertisements in areas where the products had limited or no demand. So we are concentrating our advertising efforts in cities like: Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet. After a few months of operations, we will use BDI and CDI to evaluate our performance.Scheduling the message: As an advertising agency, we plan to determine the timing of our message when the people in the target audience are very much receptive to the medium we are intending to use. We have decided on the continuity of our message by adopting â€Å"pulsing†. As our target audience are more receptive towards our ads during the â€Å"early fringe† i. e. ; 4-7 p. m. and during â€Å"prime time† i. e. ; 8-11 p. m. The size, length and position of our ads will be determined as per the advertisi ng objectives: creative strategy, budget, and reach ; frequency requirement.In case of TV, we picked Channel i and NTV for running our TV commercials. For NTV, we have selected a total of 22 spots for running our ads with duration of 30 seconds. In Channel i, 6 spots have been selected for running the same 30 seconds advertisement. For print media, we have decided to put on a total of 75 insertions, with a combination of full size, 40col-inch, 24col-inch ; 18col-inch ads. Selecting the media: After analyzing the media audiences, media environments and the competitor’s media usages, we have decided that our â€Å"Media Mix† will consist of print media ; electronic media (television).We will also be doing other out-of-home advertisements. Calculating the cost efficiency: The ‘media mix’ will be selected by calculating the Cost per Thousand (CPM) of that particular media according to the data available from the company. Print Strategy We plan to utilize the p rint media by advertising our product in the newspapers only. Magazines are not appropriate according to us for our food product. Thus by advertising in the daily newspapers in our limited budget would be the most cost effective strategy to reestablish Nocilla.We are basically advertising in ‘The Daily Star’ and ‘The Daily Prothom-Alo’. After initial advertisements in these two popular print media we will move on to other newspapers after analyzing the effectiveness of the advertisements. The detailed planned budgeting strategy for utilization is provided in the Appendix section. Headlines, Body copy and Slogan Headlines: We will introduce various types of Headlines to attract our consumers at separate time periods. First, we will use ‘news headlines’ which will describe the new arrival of Nocilla.Again to represent the product quality we will use ‘benefit headlines’. These headlines will be presented to our audience time to time. One example of our headlines is- â€Å"The new taste of breakfast†. Body Copy: A very important characteristic of the advertisements is they all will consist ‘picture and caption copy’. The main purpose of doing this is to visually attract our target segments. Sometimes there will be pictures of Nocilla jars providing product information. And some other times images of kids will be introduced accompanied with concrete messages.Slogan: As we are reestablishing Nocilla, we will introduce a new slogan- â€Å"Wake Up, Boost Up and Break Out†. This new slogan is necessary to create a new brand image. This slogan has been developed in such a way so that it is stylish enough to attract kids and teenagers; and it is encouraging enough for the parent's and grown-ups. Television Advertising As for television advertising we will go only for cable channels- Channel I, NTV. This is mainly because our target market is not the mass market. Infact, we are targeting only t he city centered consumers.So, they can be easily reached using the cable channels. Our advertising type will be both participation and spot announcement. This campaign will involve buying ad spots for some particular programs and also purchasing segments of commercial times from the TV. Our planning for Television advertising will include measuring the TV audience using ‘program rating’; selecting time periods that is early fringe and prime time; understanding TV ad rates using the formula of CPP; placing TV ads based on availability and using special TV services that is provided time to time by the TV channels.

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Essays

The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Essays The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Paper The Strategic Management Of Ryan Air Tourism Essay Paper A Jenoir direction adviser is supplying adviser service for strategic direction of the companies. Senior direction squad of Ryan air inside informations on the contracts signed with Jenoir direction consulting company for acquire the confer withing service in strategic direction of the Ryan air s hereafter. As a consequence of this we carried out a strategic analysis in footings of the environment, industry and besides sing the internal public presentation of Ryan air. The purpose of this study is to supply confer withing services to Ryan air for its strategic direction in the hereafter. This study will concentrate on: The strategic analysis of the Macro Environment taking into history the PESTEL factors which will pull out the chances and menaces, Industry analysis utilizing the Porters Five Forces Model and a Strategic Group Model and Internal analysis pulling out the resources and capablenesss and the VRIO utilizing the Value-Chain Model for Ryan air. Thereafter, recommendations will be given as to how Ryan air can better which will be continued in the 2nd portion of this study. Hence, this study will demo how Ryan air can execute better in the long tally by placing the cardinal strategic issues. Table of Contentss EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Table of Contentss 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 4 2.1 Company Background 4 2.2 Core Problem 5 3.0 ANALYSIS ( MODELS / THEORY USED ) 5 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 5 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS 5 3.1.2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air 6 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 3.2.1PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR 6 3.2.2 Strategic Groups 7 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 8 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air 8 Barney s Model for Ryan Air 9 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis 9 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS 10 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS 11 5.1 Resources and capablenesss 11 7.0 CONCLUSION 13 8.0 RECOMMEDATION 14 9.0 Mentions 15 10.0 APPENDIX 16 10.1 Appendix 1 16 10.2 Appendix 2 17 10.3 Appendix 3 18 10.4 Appendix 4 19 10.5 Appendix 5 20 10.6 Appendix 6 21 10.7 Appendix 7 22 10.8 Appendix 8 22 1.0 Introduction The present concern universe is extremely complex, competitory and fast changing. Ryan air started in twelvemonth 1985 with merely 57 staff members and with one 15 seated propjet plane from the South of E of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 riders on one path. Ryan air was the first budget air hose in Europe and besides more successful low cost air hose in Europe. Ryan air s competitory advantage is its ability to turn and surpass others as it is Europe s first low-fares, no-frills bearer and in malice of economic instability there has been a growing in net incomes. ( Ryan air 2006 ) Harmonizing to Viljoen and Dann ( 2003 ) strategic direction is defined as the procedure of identifying, taking and implementing activities that will better the long tally public presentation of an administration by puting waies and by making on traveling compatibility. Presently in 2006 European air line industry confronting a background and the burgeoning budget sector. In order to analyze Ryan air s strategic will be focus on External, Internal environment and Industry. External environment will be analyzing the factors in the macro environment which influence hereafter industry growing and development, factors impacting current and future profitableness, place of rivals and strategic groups within the industry, to derive the drive forces of the industry, kineticss and eventually to understand international fight. Further more this analysis focal point on how Ryan air wants to make value for clients, its client value and competitory advantage, its activity value concatenation, client value the value proposition and finding the concern theoretical account to present the value place, short term and long term focal point and sustainability and methodological analysis of analyzing concern scheme. In concluding this analysis will concentrate on Ryan air s current strategic direction positions and how it can profit by utilizing strategic direction theories and the agencies by which the organizational efficiencies of Ryan air would be improved and urge to direction squad of Ryan air for bettering scheme execution. 2.0 CRITICAL ISSUES 2.1 Company Background Ryan air started in twelvemonth 1985 with merely 57 staff members and with one 15 seated propjet plane from the South of E of Ireland to London Gatwick which carried 5000 riders on one path. Ryan air was the first budget air hose in Europe and besides more successful low cost air hose in Europe. Ryan air s competitory advantage is its ability to turn and surpass others as it is Europe s first low-fares, no-frills bearer and in malice of economic instability there has been a growing in net incomes. In placing the current concern scheme we would be analyzing the vision, mission and aims of Ryan air. The mission of the Ryan air is to go Europe mostly paid low menu by turn overing out proven low cost no frills in all markets in which we operate to the benefits of riders, people and portion holders. ( Ryan air Report, 2007 ) Ryan air s societal duty is supplying good service to the riders. The vision is to firmly set up itself as Europe s cargo low menus scheduled rider air hose through continued betterment and expanded offerings of its low menu service ( Ryan air Report 2007 ) . Ryan air s aims are 40 per centum addition the market portion within the low menu air hose sector, in 2012 dual the one-year rider transit to eighty million and to quadruple Ryan air s one-year net income up to 1,230 billion. 2.2 Core Problem Ryan air being one of the taking budget air lines in Europe, which is presently confronting crisis. Though they were executing good during the last few old ages, presently European air line industry confronting a background and the burgeoning budget sector. Therefore it is necessary for Ryan air to see the causes of the crisis and necessary action good on clip. Due to this ground Jenoir direction advisers will be analyzing the external, internal and industry, whether Ryan air could over come this barrier. 3.0 ANALYSIS ( MODELS / THEORY USED ) 3.1 EXTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.1.1 PESTEL ANALSIS Pestle analysis is of import for identify Ryan air s schemes through macro external factors. These factors are in the air hose industry to understand Ryan air s future external menaces and chances. ( Refer Appendix 1 ) Political and Legal Security solution is the current move of authorities about air hose industry, which will increase the cost of service. Governments can take an action if there will be any difference in concern trades from Ryan air with Airport. The Ryan air must besides accommodate its schemes to accommodate the authorities statute laws and policies and must give more attending to the political of the state where they operate. Ryanair have been involved in assorted legal differences with authoritiess both in Ireland and the EU sing their concern trades with airdromes and air hose regulation organic structures. Economic Factors Global Economic recession in 2001-2003 had adversely affected many states and in had prostration the fiscal schemes of the company. Due to the recession the income degree of the people has come down due to that most people are proroguing or call offing their air travel. Socio cultural Factors After the September 11th incident in USA air travel as become a high hazard in concern in air line industry. More security steps are taken and the riders are confronting troubles. This has become a immense menace to air line industry. Technological- Ryan air s web site is the largest travel web site in Europe and this could assist them to increase e-commerce and advertisement gross. Their in flight cyberspace gaming, satellite telecasting and web-based check-in is an added advantage for Ryan air. Environmental Factor: The impression that the universe is becoming smaller and a move towards eco friendly environment by commanding noise degrees and green-house C emanations. 3.1.2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air Porter s diamond theoretical account for Ryan air is stated in appendix 2 severally. 3.2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 3.2.1PORTER S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS OF RYAN AIR Dickering Power of Supplier Ryan air s chief aircraft provider is Boeing and other one is Airbus. Switch overing cost will be high when change the aircraft. Fuel monetary values will impact Ryan air s cost straight, so they are extremely dependent the fuel monetary values and besides it is really large menace of their strongest side. Generally regional airdromes have small bargaining power if they are to a great extent dependent on one air hose but twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours their bargaining power increasing because of the competition between low cost air hoses. Besides of those regional airdromes, bigger airdromes have really immense bargaining power. ( Refer Appendix 3 ) Dickering Power of Customers Ryan air is the low cost air hose for all Europe finishs and clients are particularly in recession times extremely monetary value medium. It is really easy to alter their air hose and it is In this client s cognition about the cost of service is high and there is no client trueness for Ryan air. Even though there is no client trueness, dickering power of clients is low. Ryan air is the cheapest air hose for all Europe finishs and clients are particularly in recession times extremely monetary value medium. Menace of New Entrants There are tonss of barriers to entry and it is really risk to be new in air hose industry. The capital that will put in this sector is really high. It is besides difficult to take a topographic point current competition and besides difficult to happen suited airdromes for the flights. Menace of Substitutes There is non any trade name trueness of clients and Ryan air preferred client relationship is non close relationship. If their clients find better manner to travel they will non experience any vacillation to take it. So the menace of direct and indirect replacements is really high and the most of import point is there are no shift costs for the clients. Competitive Competition The market is extremely competitory. Most of Ryan air s cost advantages can be imitative instantly. In Europe it seems like there is an understanding between Ryan air and Easy jet about non to vie caput to caput. However if any company does make up ones mind to vie on the same footing as Ryan air it will be extremely critical for Ryan air. 3.2.2 Strategic Groups Strategic Groups have been defined by Finlay ( 2000 ) as groups of concern that are likely to react likewise to environment alterations and be likewise advantaged or disadvantaged by such alterations. Porter ( cited in John et al, 1997 ) , suggests that an industry can hold merely one strategic group if all houses followed basically the same scheme. At the other utmost each house could be a different strategic group. Strategic Group Map analysis below of the European Airline industry will bespeak that Ryan air has to vie with Aer Lingus and EasyJet really closely while British Air passages and other national bearers are in the part. Other smaller budget air hoses based across Europe such as FlyBE, German Wings and Hapag Lloyd Express besides pose competition in paths which they normally compete ( Small Masters, n.d. ) . This diagram besides shows how the Mega bearers compete within their strategic groups as opposed to the Mid-Sized bearers. Private Mega Carriers: American Airlines British Air passages Mid-Sized Carriers: FlyBE German Wingss Aer Lingus EasyJet Government-Owned Carriers: British Air passages Bulgaria Air Government No: of Finishs High Low Ownership 3.3 INTERNAL ANALYSIS 3.3.1 VRIO/ VRINE of Ryan air VRINE MODEL The top direction should be able to place the resources available in the administration soon in order to measure whether the resources available are sufficient plenty to implement the schemes. So the result of the Reconstruction depends on the resources available at that clip. VRIO of Ryan air Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization Ryan air values its high service public presentation. The air hose is known for its rigorous observation on promptness, high rate of flight completion, and low luggage loss. It purchased modernized fleet which leads to less expensive care with unvarying trade names used while high aircraft use strengthens its concern and fiscal sheet. The rareness of Ryan air is based chiefly on its strategic placement and direction operations. Its execution on low menus service and high degree of client service bringing made Ryan air strong and competitory compared to other houses in the same field. Other houses in the same industry barely find their ways in copying the same operations and strategic planning. Ryan air produced effectual planning and direction operations in which it leads others to copy. Not all of the touchable and intangible resources like package, fleet designs, substructure, organisational civilization, and knowledge direction can be imitated. Causal ambiguity, clip compaction di seconomies and way dependences are factors which affect the trouble of other houses to copy effectual programs of successful houses like Ryan air. Barney s Model for Ryan Air The top direction should be able to place the resources available in the administration soon in order to measure whether the resources available are sufficient plenty to implement the schemes. So the result of the Reconstruction depends on the resources available at that clip. Harmonizing to the Barney s theoretical account can analysis Easy Jet as Ryan air s rival. Easy jet has adequate resort. For an illustration they have big figure of air trade and their skytrax star rate degree is high, so easy jet is valuable. Easy jet is non rare because same scheme what easy jet presently utilizing is other rivals besides utilizing. Easy jet can easy to copy to another company because low menu and besides they have adequate replacements ( for an illustration Train, ship ) . Easy jet is competitory para. ( Refer Appendix 4 ) 3.3.3 Ryan air Value Chain Analysis Ryan air strongly manages and signifiers relationships with different providers for an illustration. Boeing and nutrient, drinks etc, to do certain goods are received of demand criterions and on clip in order to add value through out its value concatenation. In order to add significant value for its service by supplying low cost and straight proctors relationships with airdromes around Europe, so they provide subsidies to the airliner in order for them to supply low cost and seen as adding grater value for clients. In order to cut down the cost and supply low cost to clients Ryan air contracts staff for aircraft handling, fining and luggage handling to 3rd parties at competitory rates every bit good as engine fixs and heavy cares of its aircrafts. Therefore reduces direct exposure to employee relationships and differences cut downing costs all through value concatenation. In order to add greater value for client, the aircraft staff e.g. pilot, cabin crew, they holds near relationships, giving the right preparation doing them to experience confident to reply on flight inquiries. The airliner has a committee placed for its aircraft crew linked with the gross revenues of responsibility paid goods. Therefore close direction with aircraft crew ensures good labours turnover cut downing the menace of staff being absent for flights, therefore seen as adding value for clients. ( Refer Appendix 5 ) 4.0 EXTERNAL ENVIROMENTAL ANALYSIS The external organisational environment includes all elements bing outside the boundary of the organisation that have the possible to impact the organisation ( Daft, 1995 ) . The environment includes rivals, resources, engineering and economic conditions that influence the organisation. The external environment can be farther conceptualized as holding two beds by and large and task environments. The general environment is the outer bed that is widely dispersed and affects organisation indirectly. It includes societal, demographic and economic factors that influence Ryan air. The most of import portion refering in the undertaking environment which is closer to the organisations ; its includes the sectors that conduct twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours dealing with the organisation and straight act upon their basic operations and public presentation: providers, competition, clients and the labour market. ( Refer Appendix 3, 6 ) 5.0 INTERNAL ENVIORNMENTAL ANALYSIS All organisations have strength and failing in its countries of concern. No organisation is every bit strong or weak in all countries ( David, 2005 ) . The procedure of internal environment analogues that of the external analysis. Resources come in many signifiers form common factor inputs to extremely differentiated resources that are developed over a adult male old ages and are really hard to retroflex ( Collins and Montgomery 1998 ) . Internal environment analysis involves a survey of civilization, construction and resources including engineering adapted by the inception. 5.1 Resources and capablenesss Ryan air s chief touchable resource is air trade. Their intangible resource includes things such as company s repute ( first budget air hose and low menu air hose ) , trade name name ( Ryan air ) , proficient cognition ( 100 per centum online ticket engagement ) , patent and hallmark. A competitory advantage is the set of factors and capablenesss that allow houses to systematically surpass their challengers. ( Refer Appendix 7 ) Tangible Resources Air trade Technical Promotion Equipements Competences Monetary value, Quality service, Reliability Competitive advantage of Ryan air Capabilities Low cost, High net income Intangible Resources Ryan air s Repute Brand name Low menu Technical cognition Figure 1: Resources based position if competitory advantage of Ryan air 6.0 SWOT ANALYSIS This analysis is an effectual manner of placing internal strengths and failings of Ryan air and of fact-finding chances and menaces of the external environment. ( Refer Appendix 8 ) Strengths Ryan air is the largest and most successful of Europe s low cost air hose. This fact is strongest merchandising point for Ryan air. Consequence of this low cost scheme, which increases clients and air hose, is spread outing quickly. Ryan air s web site was the largest travel web site in Europe. And the fifth most recognized trade name on Google. Harmonizing to the Ryan air one-year study 2006, Ryan air s accessory grosss ( include not flight agenda services ) had climbed by 36 per centum. Failings Ryan air is the least favourite air hose in the universe. Passengers who travel in Ryan air lose their baggages really frequently. Ryan air staffs are considered to be really unfriendly and there is common issue that the procedure ever delays. Ryan air was merely mid scope or below norm in its P/E multiple relation to equals like easy jet, whose portions had risen by 46 % during the twelvemonth. Ryan air has been criticized for many facets of its client service. Opportunities They have possible market portion. Because low cost air hose market portion non reached the peak degree. Ryan air has better chances to rule and catch up with the competition in the European air hose industry in footings of supplying more choice service. The uninterrupted enterprises of the company in variegation of its gross resources besides open new chances to do the concern become stronger to outgrow all its rival companies. Menaces Ryan air faced assorted challenges as it entered the 2nd half of financial 2007. The air hose itself predicted that its excess capacity edifice would make uncertainness about the success of new paths, locations and other troubles. These were excess selling and discounted menu costs incurred in establishing new paths, every bit good as overcapacity taking to monetary value film editing by challengers. 7.0 Decision By taking into consideration the above analysis, Jenoir direction adviser believe Ryan air has gained competitory advantage since there is a greater chance and strengths sing to the air line industry. Based on the External, Internal and Industry analysis, there are some major issues which were identified by Jenoir direction Consultant analysis squad in relation to Ryan air have failings and menaces. There are many countries which Ryan air should workout. Systematic, healthy and an organic organisation contribute much to the success of Ryan air. An organisation with clear aims and capable to pull everyone to work with these aims will take to its success. For air hoses, the hereafter will keep many challenges. Successful air hoses will be those that continue to undertake their costs and better their merchandises, thereby procuring a strong presence in the cardinal universe air power market. Therefore taking into consideration these damaging impacts to the entity Jenoir direction Consultant analysis squad formulated certain recommendations for Ryan air to execute the undertaking of a guideline in get the better ofing these failings and menaces, by consistently using these recommendations. Ryan air will be able to change over its current failings into chances and strengths in the hereafter. However risk direction in the strategic direction must be given an of import consideration in strategic direction program execution procedure. 8.0 RECOMMEDATION Based on External, Internal and Industry analysis, Jenoir direction advisers is recommended that Ryan air see the move their concern with low cost scheme in to international market, so Ryan air should has a elaborate program for this and be able to supply good client service to the clients like by holding discounted flights, publicity to maintain the competitory advantage at a stable manner within its rivals and besides will necessitate to concentrate more on the nucleus competition that will assist Ryan air to practically plan suited air hose operation within their market. There are some other recommendations for Ryan air, Ryan air, being the market leader in the budget air hose industry is executing really good as of now. But it does necessitate to take into history all the factors discussed supra. Ryan air besides has to do certain that even though Michael OLeary s tactics work today, they may backlash tomorrow. Ryan air should decelerate down on the aggressiveness of its strategic planning and execution so that it can avoid acquiring into problem with the authoritiess and stop up paying 1000000s. In order to retain its employees, actuate them and besides another agency of cutting costs, Ryan air can follow a similar scheme that of Jet Star s JEN ( Jet star Employee Network ) . This intranet package is both the edification and the functionality necessary to garner, portion and communicate cardinal corporate, HR and clip critical staffing information. Head of Corporate Relations, Simon West off says JEN delivers ongoing nest eggs of about $ 130,000 yearly ( Story, 2009, p.18 ) . 9.0 Mentions Collins, D.J. , Montgomery, C.A. ( 1998 ) , Competing on resources: scheme in the 1990s ( Volume 73 ) , Harvard Business Review Daft, Richard L. ( 1995 ) . Organizational Theory: Cases A ; Applications. ( 4th edition. ) : West Printing Company David, R.D. ( 2005 ) . Strategic direction: constructs and instances. ( tenth edition ) : Prentice Hall of India Find Article ( 2005 ) . EasyJet to come in Irish Market for first clip. Retrieved April 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CWU/is_2004_Nov_23/ai_n7074328/ ? tag=content ; col 1 Find Article ( 2009 ) . Company Watch Ryanair. Retrieved April 22, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6781/is_2009_August_24/ai_n42028112/ ? tag=rel.res1 Hodgson, N. ( 2009, November 20 ) . Ryanair set to catch EasyJet in JLA ranks. Daily Post Liverpool. RetrievedApril 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_8008/is_20091120/ai_n42256727/ Hubbard, G. Rice, J. A ; Beamish, P. ( 2005 ) . Strategic direction believing analysis action. ( 3rd edition ) . Pearson instruction Australia Lagadec, K. ( 2008 ) . Airbus and Boeing face a dark and painful hereafter. Post Carbon Institute. Retrieved April 20, 2010, fromhttp: //www.postcarbon.org/article/40546-airbus-and-boeing-face-a-dark/13913-energy The Airline Industry. ( n.d. ) . retrieved April 21, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.html Viljoen, J. , A ; Dann, S. ( 3rd Ed. ) . ( 2003 ) . Strategic Management: Planning and implementing successful corporate schemes. NSW, Australia: Pearson Education Australia. 10.0 APPENDIX 10.1 Appendix 1 PESTLE ANALYSIS OF RYANAIR Political Environment National air hoses supported by certain states Europe brotherhood enlargement with new paths and new rivals. New European Union regulations and ordinances. Due to the authorities stableness touristry will be addition, which is good for Ryan air. New different revenue enhancement policy for different states. Economic Environment Menace of Ryan air is increasing fuel monetary value. Taxs and Interest rates Decrease of US dollars Increasing concern category traveling The menace of the replacements Rise of airdrome handling charges SOCIAL FACTORS Increasing Grey market, which is the trade of a trade good through distribution channels, which while legal, are unofficial, unauthorised, or unintended by the original maker. Populations growing does an ageing population impact them i.e. babe boomers, tonss of people in that life phase have more disposable income to pass Safety solutions Tendency Technological FACTORS Internet gross revenues and Increased cyberspace competitions High velocity trains Online cheque in Low fuel usage Legal FACTORS Privatizing of air hose industry Illegal subsidies from airdromes Competition Torahs in air power industry Allegations of false advertizement Rules and ordinances about Carbon emanation degree Environmental FACTORS Noise degree controls, Global warming,2.6 % of Carbon emanation in the EU, so this gas will consequence Green house 10.2 Appendix 2 Porter s Diamond Model of Ryan air Factor Condition Demand Condition Firm scheme construction and Rivalry Related A ; back uping Industries Change Government Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Environmentally concerned. Entrants of other Low Cost Carriers Factor conditions Technological promotion. Demand conditions Demand is increasing for Low menus air travel. Related and back uping industries Car hire, Hotels, Travel insurance, Baggage tracing, Free metropolis ushers, Ticketing, Aircraft handling, Airport manager and other services 10.3 Appendix 3 Porter s Five Forces theoretical account Dickering power of Supplier Dickering power of Buyers Menace of New Entrants Menace of Substitutes Competitive Competition 10.4 Appendix 4 ( Beginning: VRIO theoretical account / Barney s theoretical account hypertext transfer protocol: //www.web-books.com/eLibrary/ON/B0/B58/033MB58.html ) Competitive Deductions from Recourses ( Easy jet as Ryan air s rival ) Valuable Rare Difficult to Imitate Without replacements Competitive Deduction Yes No No No Competitive para 10.5 Appendix 5 Value Chain Analysis of Ryan Air Firm Infrastructure ( Head Quarters ) Technology Development ( Internet, Integrate system, Low tech selling, Internet gross revenues ) Human Resource Management ( In house, Low cost preparation, Management control, Limited crew, public presentation contracts ) Procurement ( Boeing price reduction, Alliances, Low cost, out beginnings A ; private ) Inbound Logistic ( Quality preparation, Low cost provider, Airport understanding ) Operation ( No frill, low cost ) Outbound Logistic ( Reliable service, speedy turn around ) Selling and Gross saless ( Free promotion, Low cost, publicities, Internet gross revenues ) Servicess ( High productiveness, Limited resourses ) 10.6 Appendix 6 Location of the organisation general undertaking and internal environments Technological CUSTOMERRS Undertaking Env Internal Environment Socio cultural LABOUR Market Employees Culture International Rival Management Suppliers Legal/ Political Economic It can be noted that SUPPLIERS forms an built-in portion of undertaking environment and the function of importance of providers of constituents. 10.7 Appendix 7 Resources There are two sorts of resources, touchable and intangible which can farther be categorized into fiscal, human, physical and rational capital. Physical Resources which Ryan air possesses is 196 Boeing aircrafts. Huge sum of money was being spent for the aircraft care and they need to maintain the resources proper and running to do certain that these will non harm their low cost construction. They besides have the youngest fleet in the whole of Europe with a extremely fuel efficient capacity. Fiscal Resources Ryan air is the highest net income devising low cost structured air hose. Harmonizing to OHiggins ( 2007 ) , Ryan air s net incomes have been increasing 8.5 % on norm per twelvemonth. It besides goes onto say that in its Annual General Meeting in 2006 ; the air hose had delivered 12 % addition in net net incomes despite a 74 % addition in fuel cost. Human Resources Initially Ryan air started with merely 25 employees and had 3500 people by the twelvemonth 2006 and all of them are entrenched with a cost film editing attack. Ryan air employees a really much dedicated as Ryan air pays its employees good. In its 2006 one-year study it claimed to hold the highest wage figures than any other major European air hose. Besides by orienting rolls, the bearer maximized productiveness and clip off for crew members. The biggest HR advantage Ryanair has is Michael OLeary. Intellectual Capital The highest per centum of pie of ELFA is still being showed by Ryanair and because of its tremendous experience of its senior direction squad in the same industry. Michael OLeary joined as a Director in 1988 and was appointed CEO in January 1994. Captain Ray Conway was appointed Chief Pilot in June 2002 holding joined Ryanair in 1987. He has worked in Irish Air Corps for 14 old ages taking attention of Training and Transport Squadron.